International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA‧ Voice Onset Time, VOT‧ and Simple Phonetics |音標‧記音‧拼音‧ 塞音声序: 2025/7/1

International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA‧ Voice Onset Time, VOT‧ and Simple Phonetics |音標‧記音‧拼音‧ 塞音声序

1) b, d, g = [b̥ , d̥ , g̊ ]. p, t, k = [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]. prevoiced: ḃ, ḋ, ġ = [b̬ , d̬ , ǧ ]. 2) Languages without prevoiced stops have 2 categories of VOT: English, German, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and Hakka. 3) Languages with prevoiced stops have 3 categories of VOT: French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai and Taiwanese Minnan. | 不含濁塞音的語言VOT二分: 英，德，韓，中，粵，客語。含濁塞音的語言VOT三分: 法，荷，義，西，葡，希臘，俄，阿，印度，印尼，日，越，泰，台湾閩南語。

2025年7月6日星期日

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for Pronunciation of The English Alphabet

International Phonetic Alphabet for Pronunciation of

The English Alphabet

IPA for American English Vowels

American English Vowel Diagram

American English Vowel Triangle

American English Vowel Space

American English Vowel Chart

American English Vowel Map

References:

1. Hillenbrand, J. M., Getty, L. A., Clark, M. J. & Wheeler, K. (1995). Acoustic characteristics of

American English vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 97, 3099-3111.

2. Hillenbrand, J. M. (2003). American English: Southern Michigan. Journal of the International

Phonetic Association 33/1, 121-126.

3. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online (ldoceonline.com).

American English Vowel [ɒ] in LDOCE

versus various pronunciation symbols
in other systems

System \ Example	all	law
LONGMAN (AmE)	ɒ:l	lɒ:
OXFORD (NAmE)	ɔ:l	lɔ:
Kenyon and Knott	ɔl	lɔ
Merriam-Webster	‘ȯl	‘lȯ
American Heritage	ôl	lô
Cambridge(US)	ɑ:l	lɑ: