1) b, d, g = [b̥ , d̥ , g̊ ]. p, t, k = [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ]. prevoiced: ḃ, ḋ, ġ = [b̬ , d̬ , ǧ ]. 2) Languages without prevoiced stops have 2 categories of VOT: English, German, Korean, Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and Hakka. 3) Languages with prevoiced stops have 3 categories of VOT: French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai and Taiwanese Minnan. | 不含濁塞音的語言VOT二分: 英，德，韓，中，粵，客語。 含濁塞音的語言VOT三分: 法，荷，義，西，葡，希臘，俄，阿，印度，印尼，日，越，泰，台湾閩南語。
VMR, IPA and SPA for Vietnamese Consonants
Dec 31, 2024. LAI Jhi Yang
VMR, IPA and SPA for Vietnamese Vowels
Jan 1, 2025. LAI Jhi Yang
VMR and IPA for Vietnamese Words with
the Heavy Tone and a Final Stop
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